| # | Layer | Application | Description | Vector Example |
| 7 | Application | Data | Network process to application | HTTP floods, DNS query floods, Phishing, Password cracking, Buffer overflow, Format string attack |
| 6 | Presentation | Data | Data representation and encryption | SSL abuse, Cracking encryption, File inclusion vulnerabilities, Cross-site scripting (XSS), Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) |
| 5 | Session | Data | Interhost communication | Session hijacking, Access control bypass, Adversary-in-the-middle attack |
| 4 | Transport | Segments | End-to-end connections and reliability | Lateral Movement, TCP/UDP port scanning, DNS poisoning, TCP/UDP flood (DDoS), SYN floods |
| 3 | Network | Packets | Path determination and logical addressing | IP spoofing, Manipulating routing tables, ICMP redirect, UDP reflection attacks TCP/UDP flood (DDoS), SYN flood (DDoS), Smurf attack (DDos) |
| 2 | Datalinks | Frames | Physical addressing | MAC, ARP, VLAN, DHCP spoofing and rogue access points. |
| 1 | Physical | Bits | Media, signal, and binary transmission | Physical, Traffic eavesdropping |
